The Fire Risks of Lithium-ion Batteries

Lithium batteries operate using two electrodes separated by an electrolyte, a conductive substance that allows electrical charge to flow. This process enables energy to move from the cathode to the anode, powering devices efficiently.

However, the same internal structure that enables performance can also create conditions where fire is possible. The electrolyte typically contains organic solvents, which are flammable. Combined with heat generated during operation and oxygen released from battery materials, the three elements required for combustion, fuel, heat and oxygen, can be present within the battery itself.

Although lithium-ion battery fires are uncommon, they can occur when the internal structure of the battery is compromised.

Because batteries are compact, their components are extremely small and often separated by thin layers. If these layers are damaged, through impact, manufacturing defects, or overheating, a short circuit can occur. This may generate heat and sparks, triggering a chain reaction known as thermal runaway.

Thermal runaway happens when heat builds up faster than it can dissipate, causing the battery to rapidly increase in temperature. In extreme cases, this can lead to fire or explosion.

While the risk remains low, taking preventative measures is essential, particularly for organisations managing multiple devices or battery-powered equipment.

Batteries should always be stored in environments where temperatures are controlled. Avoid exposing them to excessive heat, such as in hot vehicles or poorly ventilated rooms. Devices should also be kept uncovered during use and charging to prevent heat from becoming trapped.

It is also advisable to avoid storing multiple battery-powered devices in close proximity for extended periods, especially during transport. Separating devices reduces the likelihood of multiple items being affected if a fault occurs.

Proper charging habits are equally important. Avoid letting batteries fully discharge before recharging and do not leave devices plugged in after they are fully charged. Overcharging can increase heat levels and contribute to long-term battery degradation.